A Nondualist Social Ethic: Fusing Object and Subject Horizons in Measurement
A Nondualist Social Ethic: Fusing Object and Subject Horizons in Measurement
Índice
1. Dualism and Nondualism
2. From individual experience to institutions and systems
3. Conclusion
Is it possible for measurement to satisfy both the need for global unity and shared human values, on the one hand, and the need to respect and value individual human uniqueness, on the other? Can humanity figure out new ways of enacting self-understanding that recount its past, present, and future in terms that not only better enable everyone to feel part of something larger than themselves but which also liberate them in free creative expressions of joy for life? Any viable social ethic has to begin from the paradox of attempting to integrate theopposed poles of human totality and human singularity. Even when one conceives of a social ethic in terms of a system, the end result demands respect for a complex combination of harmony and dissonance that is better understood in terms of systems of discontinuous systems, or meta-systems. Taking language as a model
of integrated subject-object unities sets up possibilities for coherent multilevel measurement information infrastructures. Health care, education, management, and other areas in which ordinal counts, percentages, and ratings typically are treated as measures stand to benefit the most from realizations of this kind of nondualist
social ethic and its realization of meaningful quantification.
William P. Fisher, Jr., Ph.D. received his doctorate from the University of Chicago, where he was supported by a Spencer Foundation
Dissertation Research Fellowship. He is currently Research Associate in the Graduate School of Education at the University of
California, Berkeley. Dr. Fisher is recognized for contributions to measurement theory and practice that span the full range from the
philosophical to the applied across a diverse range of fields.
Andrich, D. (1988). Sage University Paper Series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences. Vol. series no.
07-068: Rasch models for measurement. Beverly Hills, California: Sage Publications.
Andrich, D (2010), Sufficiency and conditional estimation of person parameters in the polytomous Rasch model.
Psychometrika, 75(2), 292-308.
Arthur, W. B (2014), Complexity and the economy. New York: Oxford University Press.
Barney, M., & Fisher W. P., Jr. (2016), Adaptive measurement and assessment. Annual Review of Organizational
Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 3, 469-490.
Black, P., Wilson, M., & Yao, S. (2011), Road maps for learning: A guide to the navigation of learning progressions.
Measurement: Interdisciplinary Research & Perspectives, 9, 1-52.
Bohr, N (1963). Essays 1958-1962 on atomic physics and human knowledge. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Bond, T., & Fox, C. (2015). Applying the Rasch model: Fundamental measurement in the human sciences, 3d edition.
New York: Routledge.
Box, G. E. P. (1979), Robustness in the strategy of scientific model building. In R. L. Launer & G. N. Wilkinson
(Eds.), Robustness in statistics (pp. 201-235). New York: Academic Press, Inc.
Braudel, F. (1992), Civilization and capitalism, 15th-18th centuries. Vols. 1-3. (S. Reynolds, Trans.). Berkeley:
University of California Press.
Bud, R., & Cozzens, S. E. (Eds). (1992), SPIE Institutes: Vol. 9. Invisible connections: Instruments, institutions, and
science (R. F. Potter, Ed.). Bellingham, WA: SPIE Optical Engineering Press.
Butler, T. (2016), Towards a hermeneutic method for interpretive research in information systems. In Enacting
Research Methods in Information Systems: Volume 2 (pp. 11-39). Springer International Publishing.
Campbell, N. R. (1920), Physics, the elements. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Candea, M. (Ed.) (2010), Routledge Advances in Sociology. Vol. 166: The social after Gabriel Tarde: Debates and
assessments. London: Routledge.
Cano, S., Mayhew, A., Glanzman, A. M., Krosschell, K. J., Swoboda, K. J., Main, M. et al., (2014), Rasch analysis
of clinical outcome measures in spinal muscular atrophy. Muscle & Nerve, 49(3), 422-430.
Cano, S., Pendrill, L., Barbic, S., & Fisher, W. P., Jr. (2018), Patient-centred outcome metrology for healthcare
decision-making. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1044, 012057.
Cartwright, N. (1983), How the laws of physics lie. New York: Oxford University Press.
Chien, T.-W., Linacre, J. M., & Wang, W.-C. (2011), Examining student ability using KIDMAP fit statistics of
Rasch analysis in Excel. In Communications in Computer and Information Science: Vol. 201. Advances in Information
Technology and Education (pp. 578-585). Berlin: Springer Verlag.
Cohen, I. B. (1985), Revolution in science. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Dawson, T. L. (2004), Assessing intellectual development: Three approaches, one sequence. Journal of Adult
Development, 11(2), 71-85.
Derrida, J. (2003), Interview on writing. In G. A. Olson & L. Worsham (Eds.), Critical intellectuals on writing (pp.
61-69). Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
Dewey, J. (1925/1981), The later works of John Dewey, Volume 1, 1925-1953: 1925, Experience and Nature (J. A.
Boydston, Ed.). Collected works of John Dewey. Carbondale, Illinois: University of Southern Illinois Press.
Dewey, J. (2012), Unmodern philosophy and modern philosophy (P. Deen, Ed.). Carbondale, Illinois: Southern
Illinois University Press.
Einstein, A. (1954), Physics and reality (S. Bargmann, Trans.). In C. Seelig & and others (Eds.), Ideas and opinions
(pp. 290-323). New York: Bonanza Books (Original work published 1936).
Embretson, S. E. (2010), Measuring psychological constructs: Advances in model-based approaches. Washington,
DC: American Psychological Association.
Engelhard, G., Jr. (2012), Invariant measurement: Using Rasch models in the social, behavioral, and health sciences.
New York: Routledge Fischer, G. H. (1973), The linear logistic test model as an instrument in educational research. Acta Psychologica, 37,
359-374.
Fisher, W. P., Jr. (1997a), Physical disability construct convergence across instruments: Towards a universal metric.
Journal of Outcome Measurement, 1(2), 87-113.
Fisher, W. P., Jr. (1997b), What scale-free measurement means to health outcomes research. Physical Medicine &
Rehabilitation State of the Art Reviews, 11(2), 357-373.
Fisher, W. P., Jr. (1998), A research program for accountable and patient-centered health status measures. Journal of
Outcome Measurement, 2(3), 222-239.
Fisher, W. P., Jr. (1999), Foundations for health status metrology: The stability of MOS SF-36 PF-10 calibrations
across samples. Journal of the Louisiana State Medical Society, 151(11), 566-578.
Fisher, W. P., Jr. (2000), Objectivity in psychosocial measurement: What, why, how. Journal of Outcome Measurement,
4(2), 527-563.
Fisher, W. P., Jr. (2003), Mathematics, measurement, metaphor, metaphysics: Parts I & II. Theory & Psychology,
13(6), 753-828.
Fisher, W. P., Jr. (2004), Meaning and method in the social sciences. Human Studies: A Journal for Philosophy and
the Social Sciences, 27(4), 429-54.
Fisher, W. P., Jr. (2005), Daredevil barnstorming to the tipping point: New aspirations for the human sciences.
Journal of Applied Measurement, 6(3), 173-179.
Fisher, W. P., Jr. (2008, 2-5 March), A predictive theory for the calibration of physical functioning patient survey
items. Presented at the Second Conference on Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information Systems, Bethesda,
Maryland: NIH and NIAMS.
Fisher, W. P., Jr. (2009), Invariance and traceability for measures of human, social, and natural capital: Theory and
application. Measurement: Concerning Foundational Concepts of Measurement Special Issue Section, 42(9), 1278-1287.
Fisher, W. P., Jr. (2012), What the world needs now: A bold plan for new standards. Standards Engineering, 64(3), 1-5.
Fisher, W. P., Jr. (2017), A practical approach to modeling complex adaptive flows in psychology and social science.
Procedia Computer Science, 114, 165-174.
Fisher, W. P., Jr. (2018), How beauty teaches us to understand meaning. Educational Philosophy and Theory, in review.
Fisher, W. P., Jr., & Cavanagh, R. (2016), Measurement as a medium for communication and social action, I &
II. In Q. Zhang & H. H. Yang (Eds.), Pacific Rim Objective Measurement Symposium (PROMS) 2015 Conference
Proceedings (pp. 153-182). Berlin: Springe-rVerlag.
Fisher, W. P., Jr., Harvey, R. F., & Kilgore, K. M. (1995), New developments in functional assessment: Probabilistic
models for gold standards. NeuroRehabilitation, 5(1), 3-25.
Fisher, W. P., Jr., Harvey, R. F., Taylor, P., Kilgore, K. M., & Kelly, C. K. (1995), Rehabits: A common language of
functional assessment. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 76(2), 113-122.
Fisher, W. P., Jr., Oon, E. P.-T., & Benson, S. (2018), Applying Design Thinking to systemic problems in educational
assessment information management. Journal of Physics Conference Series, 1044, 012012.
Fisher, W. P., Jr., & Stenner, A. J. (2016), Theory-based metrological traceability in education: A reading measurement
network. Measurement, 92, 489-496.
Fisher, W. P., Jr., & Stenner, A. J. (2018), Ecologizing vs modernizing in measurement and metrology. Journal of
Physics: Conference Series, 1044, 012025.
Fisher, W. P., Jr., & Wilson, M. (2015), Building a productive trading zone in educational assessment research and
practice. Pensamiento Educativo: Revista de Investigacion Educacional Latinoamericana, 52(2), 55-78.
Fisher, W. P., Jr., & Wright, B. D. (Eds.), (1994), Applications of probabilistic conjoint measurement. International
Journal of Educational Research, 21(6), 557-664.
Freud, S. (1920), One of the difficulties of psycho-analysis. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 1, 17-23.
Gadamer, H.-G. (1981), Studies in Contemporary German Social Thought. Vol. 2: Reason in the age of science (T.
McCarthy, Ed.) (F. G. Lawrence, Trans.). Cambridge: MIT Press.
Gadamer, H.-G. (1989), Truth and method (J. Weinsheimer & D. G. Marshall, Trans.) (Rev. ed.). New York: Crossroad
(Original work published 1960).
Gadamer, H.-G. (1991), Plato’s dialectical ethics: Phenomenological interpretations relating to the Philebus (R. M.
Wallace, Trans.). New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
Galison, P. (2008), Image of self. In L. Daston (Ed.), Things that talk: Object lessons from art and science (pp. 256-
294). New York: Zone Books.
Gasché, R. (2014), “A certain walk to follow:” Derrida and the question of method. Epoché: A Journal for the History
of Philosophy, 18(2), 525-550.
Gelven, M. (1984), Eros and projection: Plato and Heidegger. In R. W. Shahan & J. N. Mohanty (Eds.), Thinking
about Being: Aspects of Heidegger’s thought (pp. 125-36). Norman, Oklahoma: Oklahoma University Press.
Gilligan, C. (1982), In a different voice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Habermas, J. (1995), Moral consciousness and communicative action. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
Hankins, T. L., & Silverman, R. J. (1999), Instruments and the imagination. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton
University Press.
Haraway, D. J. (1996), Modest witness: Feminist diffractions in science studies. In P. Galison & D. J. Stump (Eds.),
The disunity of science: Boundaries, contexts, and power (pp. 428-441). Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
Harding, S. (2008), Sciences from below: Feminisms, postcolonialities, and modernities. Durham, NC: Duke
University Press.
Hayek, F. A. (1948), Individualism and economic order. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Heelan, P. A. (1991), Hermeneutical phenomenology and the philosophy of science. In H. J. Silverman (Ed.),
Continental Philosophy: Vol. IV. Gadamer and hermeneutics (pp. 213-28). New York: Routledge.
Heelan, P. A. (1994), Galileo, Luther, and the hermeneutics of natural science. In T. J. Stapleton (Ed.), The question of
hermeneutics: Essays in honor of Joseph J. Kockelmans (pp. 363-374). Contributions to Phenomenology, 17. Dordrecht,
The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Heidegger, M. (1962), Being and time (J. Macquarrie & E. Robinson, Trans.). New York: Harper & Row (Original
work published 1927).
Heidegger, M. (1967), What is a thing? (W. B. Barton, Jr. & V. Deutsch, Trans.). South Bend, Indiana: Regnery/Gateway.
Heidegger, M. (1991), The principle of reason (R. Lilly, Trans.). Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.
Hibbard, J., Stockard, J., Mahoney, E., & Tusler, M. (2004), Development of the Patient Activation Measure (PAM):
Conceptualizing and measuring activation in patients and consumers. Health Services Research, 39(4, Part I), 1005-
1026.
Hobart, J. C., Cano, S. J., O’Connor, R. J., Kinos, S., Heinzlef, O., Roullet, E. P., C. et al. (2003), Multiple Sclerosis
Impact Scale-29 (MSIS-29): Measurement stability across eight European countries. Multiple Sclerosis, 9, S23.
Hobart, J. C., Cano, S. J., Zajicek, J. P., & Thompson, A. J. (2007), Rating scales as outcome measures for clinical
trials in neurology: Problems, solutions, and recommendations. Lancet Neurology, 6, 1094-1105.
Holton, G. (1988), Thematic origins of scientific thought: Kepler to Einstein (Revised ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts:
Harvard University Press.
Husserl, E. (1970), The crisis of European sciences and transcendental phenomenology: An introduction to
phenomenological philosophy (D. Carr, Trans.). Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press (Original work
published 1954).
Hutchins, E. (2010),C ognitive ecology. Topics in Cognitive Science, 2, 705-715.
Hutchins, E. (2014), The cultural ecosystem of human cognition. Philosophical Psychology, 27(1), 34-49.
Huxley, T. H. (1862), On our knowledge of the causes of the phenomena of organic nature. London: Robert Hardwicke.
Ihde, D. (1983), The historical and ontological priority of technology over science. In Existential technics (pp. 25-
46). Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
Ihde, D. (1990), Technology and the lifeworld: From garden to earth. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.
Ihde, D. (1991), Instrumental realism: The interface between philosophy of science and philosophy of technology.
The Indiana Series in the Philosophy of Technology). Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.
Irigaray, L. (1984), An ethics of sexual difference. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
Jaeger, R. M. (1973), The national test equating study in reading (The Anchor Test Study). Measurement in Education, 4, 1-8.
Kuhn, T. S. (1961), The function of measurement in modern physical science. Isis, 52(168), 161-193. (Rpt. in T. S.
Kuhn, (Ed.). (1977), The essential tension: Selected studies in scientific tradition and change (pp. 178-224). Chicago:
University of Chicago Press).
Kuhn, T. S. (1970), The structure of scientific revolutions. In O. Neurath, R. Carnap & C. Morris (Eds.), Foundations
of the unity of science: Toward an international encyclopedia of unified science (Vols. II, Nos. 1-9, pp. 53-272). Chicago,
Illinois: University of Chicago Press.
Kuhn, T. S. (1977), The essential tension: Selected studies in scientific tradition and change. Chicago, Illinois:
University of Chicago Press.
Latour, B. (1983), Give me a laboratory and I will move the world. In K. D. Knorr-Cetina & M. Mulkay (Eds.),
Science observed: Perspectives on the social study of science (pp. 141-170). London, England: Sage Publications.
Latour, B. (1987), Science in action: How to follow scientists and engineers through society. New York: Harvard
University Press.
Latour, B. (1990), Postmodern? No, simply amodern: Steps towards an anthropology of science. Studies in History
and Philosophy of Science, 21(1), 145-171.
Latour, B. (1991), The impact of science studies on political philosophy. Science, Technology, & Human Values,
16(1), 3-19.
Latour, B. (1993), We have never been modern. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Latour, B. (1998), To modernise or ecologise? That is the question. In B. Braun & N. Castree (Eds.), Remaking
reality: Nature at the millennium (pp. 221-242). London: Routledge.
Latour, B. (2002), Gabriel Tarde and the end of the social. In P. Joyce (Ed.), The social in question: New bearings
(pp. 117-132). London: Routledge.
Latour, B. (2004), How to talk about the body? The normative dimension of science studies. Body & Society, 10(2-
3), 205-229.
Latour, B. (2010), Tarde’s idea of quantification. In M. Candea (Ed.), The social after Gabriel Tarde: Debates and
assessments (pp. 145-162). London: Routledge.
Latour, B. (2011), Love your monsters: Why we must care for our technologies as we do our children. Breakthrough
Journal, 2, 21-28.
Latour, B. (2013), An inquiry into modes of existence (C. Porter, Trans.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard
University Press.
Latour, B., & Lépinay, V. A. (2090), The science of passionate interests: An introduction to Gabriel Tarde’s economic
anthropology. Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press.
Luce, R. D., & Tukey, J. W. (1964).,Simultaneous conjoint measurement: A new kind of fundamental measurement.
Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 1(1), 1-27.
Lunz, M. E., Bergstrom, B. A., & Gershon, R. C. (1994), Computer adaptive testing. International Journal of
Educational Research, 21(6), 623-634.
Mach, E. (1919), The science of mechanics: A critical and historical account of its development (T. J. McCormack,
Trans.) (4th ed.). Chicago: The Open Court Publishing Co.
Mari, L., Carbone, P., & Petri, D. (2012), Measurement fundamentals: A pragmatic view. IEEE Transactions on
Instrumentation and Measurement, 61(8), 2107-2115.
Mari, L., Maul, A., Irribara, D. T., & Wilson, M. (2016), Quantities, quantification, and the necessary and sufficient
conditions for measurement. Measurement, 100, 115-121.
Mari, L., & Wilson, M. (2014), An introduction to the Rasch measurement approach for metrologists. Measurement,
51, 315-327.
Massof, R. W. (2005), Application of stochastic measurement models to visual function rating scale questionnaires.
Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 12(2), 103-124.
Massof, R. W. (2007), An interval-scaled scoring algorithm for visual function questionnaires. Optometry & Vision Science,
8Massof, R. W. (2008), Editorial: Moving toward scientific measurements of quality of life. Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 15, 209-211.
Massof, R. W., & Ahmadian, L. (2007), What do different visual function questionnaires measure? Ophthalmic
Epidemiology, 14(4), 198-204.
Massof, R. W., & McDonnell, P. J. (2012), Latent dry eye disease state variable. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual
Science, 53(4), 1905-1916.
Massof, R. W., Schmidt, K., Laby, D. M., Kirschen, D., & Meadows, D. (2013), Merging psychophysical and psychometric
theory to estimate global visual state measures from forced choices. Journal of Physics Conference Series, 459(1), 012027.
Masters, G. N., Adams, R. J., & Lokan, J. (1994), Mapping student achievement. International Journal of Educational
Research, 21(6), 595-610.
Maul, A. (2017), Rethinking traditional methods of survey validation. Measurement: Interdisciplinary Research &
Perspectives, 15(2), 1-19.
Maul, A., Mari, L., Torres Irribarra, D., & Wilson, M. (2018), The quality of measurement results in terms of the structural
features of the measurement process. Measurement, 116, 611-620.
Mead, R. J. (2009), The ISR: Intelligent Student Reports. Journal of Applied Measurement, 10(2), 208-224.
Michell, J. (1986), Measurement scales and statistics: A clash of paradigms. Psychological Bulletin, 100, 398-407.
Michell, J. (2000), Normal science, pathological science and psychometrics. Theory & Psychology, 10(5), 639-667.
Mohr, M. (2000), Emerging from nonduality: Koan practice in the Rinzai tradition since Hakuin. In S. Heine & D. S.
Wright (Eds.) The Koan: Texts and contexts in Zen Buddhism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mundy, B. (1986), On the general theory of meaningful representation. Synthese, 67(3), 391-437.
Murdoch, J. (1997), Inhuman/nonhuman/human: Actor-network theory and the prospects for a nondualistic and symmetrical
perspective on nature and society. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 15(6), 731-756.
Nersessian, N. J. (1996), Child’s play. Philosophy of Science, 63, 542-546.
Nersessian, N. J. (2002), Maxwell and “the method of physical analogy”: Model-based reasoning, generic abstraction,
and conceptual change. In D. Malament (Ed.), Reading natural philosophy: Essays in the history and philosophy of
science and mathematics (pp. 129-166). Lasalle, Illinois: Open Court.
Nersessian, N. J. (2006), Model-based reasoning in distributed cognitive systems. Philosophy of Science, 73, 699-709.
Nersessian, N. J. (2008), Creating scientific concepts. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
Nersessian, N. J. (2012), Engineering concepts: The interplay between concept formation and modeling practices in
bioengineering sciences. Mind, Culture, and Activity, 19, 222-239.
Nersessian, N. J. (2015), Conceptual innovation on the frontiers of science. In E. Margolis & S. Laurence (Eds.), The
conceptual mind: New directions in the study of concepts (pp. 455-474). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Nietzsche, F. (1967), The will to power (W. Kaufmann, Ed.) (W. Kaufmann & R. J. Hollingdale, Trans.). New York:
Vintage.
Nussbaum, M. (2013), Political emotions: Why love matters for justice. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of
Harvard University Press.
Oudeyer, P.-Y. (2006), Self-organization in the evolution of speech. New York: Oxford University Press.
Overton, W. F. (2015), Processes, relations and Relational-Developmental-Systems. In W. F. Overton & P. C. M.
Molenaar (Eds.), Theory and Method. Volume 1 of the Handbook of child psychology and developmental science (7th
Ed.) (pp. 9-62). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Pendrill, L. (2014), Man as a measurement instrument [Special Feature]. NCSLi Measure: The Journal of Measurement
Science, 9(4), 22-33.
Pendrill, L., & Fisher, W. P., Jr. (2015), Counting and quantification: Comparing psychometric and metrological
perspectives on visual perceptions of number. Measurement, 71, 46-55.
Petersen, A. (1968), Quantum physics and the philosophical tradition. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
Pickering, A. (2010), After dualism. In R. E. Lee (Ed.), Questioning nineteenth-century assumptions about knowledge, III:
Dualism (pp. 49-86). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Platt, J. R. (1966), Social chain reactions. In J. R. Platt, The step to man (pp. 39-52). New York: John Wiley & Sons. (Rpt. from
J. R. Platt. (1961), Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: Man and His Habitat, Part II, 17, 365-386.)
Powers, M., Fisher, W. P. J., & Massof, R. W. (2016), Modeling visual symptoms and visual skills to measure functional
binocular vision. Journal of Physics Conference Series, 772(1), 012045.Price, D. J. d. S. (1986), Of sealing wax and string. In
Little science, big science–and beyond (pp. 237-253). New York: Columbia University Press.
Railsback, S. F. (2001), Concepts from complex adaptive systems as a framework for individual-based modelling. Ecological
Modelling, 139(1), 47-62.
Rasch, G. (1960), Probabilistic models for some intelligence and attainment tests (Reprint, with Foreword and Afterword by
B. D. Wright, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980). Copenhagen, Denmark: Danmarks Paedogogiske Institut.
Rasch, G. (1973/2011), All statistical models are wrong! Rasch Measurement Transactions, 24(4), 1309.
Rasch, G. (1977), On specific objectivity: An attempt at formalizing the request for generality and validity of scientific
statements. Danish Yearbook of Philosophy, 14, 58-94.
Rentz, R. R., & Bashaw, W. L. (1977), The National Reference Scale for Reading: An application of the Rasch model. Journal
of Educational Measurement, 14(2), 161-179.
Ricoeur, P. (1967), Conclusion: The symbol gives rise to thought. In R. N. Anshen (Ed.), The symbolism of evil (pp. 347-357).
Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon Press.
Ricoeur, P. (1974), Violence and language. In D. Stewart & J. Bien (Eds.), Political and social essays by Paul Ricoeur (pp.
88-101). Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press.
Ricoeur, P. (1976), Interpretation theory: Discourse and the surplus of meaning. Fort Worth, Texas: Texas Christian University Press.
Ricoeur, P. (1981), Hermeneutics and the human sciences: Essays on language, action and interpretation. Cambridge,
England: Cambridge University Press.
Rowlands, M. (2010), The new science of the mind: From extended mind to embodied phenomenology. Cambridge, MA: MIT
Press.
Ruddick, S. (1989), Maternal thinking. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
Schaffer, S. (1992), Late Victorian metrology and its instrumentation: A manufactory of Ohms. In R. Bud & S. E.
Cozzens (Eds.), Invisible connections: Instruments, institutions, and science (pp. 23-56). Bellingham, WA: SPIE Optical
Engineering Press.
Schubert, C., Sydow, J., & Windeler, A. (2013), The means of managing momentum: Bridging technological paths and
organisational fields. Research Policy, 42, 1389-1405.
Scott, J. C. (1998), Seeing like a state: How certain schemes to improve the human condition have failed. New Haven: Yale
University Press.
Searle, J. R. (2010), Why dualism (and materialism) fail to account for consciousness. In R. E. Lee (Ed.), Questioning
nineteenth-century assumptions about knowledge, III: Dualism (pp. 5-30). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Shapin, S. (1989), The invisible technician. American Scientist, 77(6), 554-563.
Smith, P. H. (2006), The body of the artisan: Art and experience in the Scientific Revolution. Chicago, Illinois: University of
Chicago Press.
Smith, R. M., & Taylor, P. (2004), Equating rehabilitation outcome scales: Developing common metrics. Journal of Applied
Measurement, 5(3), 229-242.
Star, S. L., & Griesemer, J. R. (1989), Institutional ecology, ‘translations,’ and boundary objects: Amateurs and professionals
in Berkeley’s Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 1907-39. Social Studies of Science, 19(3), 387-420.
Star, S. L., & Ruhleder, K. (1996), Steps toward an ecology of infrastructure: Design and access for large information spaces.
Information Systems Research, 7(1), 111-134.
Stenner, A. J. (1996), Measuring reading comprehension with the Lexile Framework. Durham, North Carolina: MetaMetrics, Inc.
Stenner, A. J., Fisher, W. P., Jr., Stone, M. H., & Burdick, D. S. (2013), Causal Rasch models. Frontiers in Psychology:
Quantitative Psychology and Measurement, 4(536), 1-14.
Stenner, A. J., & Smith, M., III. (1982), Testing construct theories. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 55, 415-426.
Stenner, A. J., & Stone, M. (2010), Generally objective measurement of human temperature and reading ability: Some
corollaries. Journal of Applied Measurement, 11(3), 244-252.
Sutton, J., Harris, C. B., Keil, P. G., & Barnier, A. J. (2010), The psychology of memory, extended cognition, and socially
distributed remembering. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 9(4), 521-560.
Tarde, G. (1903a), Inter-psychology, the inter-play of human minds. International Quarterly, 7, 59-84.
4(8), E690-E705.
Tarde, G. (1903b), The laws of imitation (E. C. Parsons, Trans.). New York: Henry Holt and Company.
Tarde, G. (2012), Monadology and sociology (T. Lorenc, Trans.). Melbourne, Australia: Re.press (Original work
published 1895).
Thoreau, H. D. (1854), Walden, or life in the woods. Boston: Ticknor and Fields.
Thurstone, L. L. (1926), The scoring of individual performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 17, 446-457.
Thurstone, L. L. (1928), Attitudes can be measured. American Journal of Sociology, XXXIII, 529-544.
Toulmin, S. E. (1953), The philosophy of science: An introduction. New York: Hutchinson’s University Library.
Whitehead, A. N. (1911), An introduction to mathematics. New York: Henry Holt and Co.
Whitehead, A. N. (1925), Science and the modern world. New York: Macmillan.
Williamson, G. (2018), Exploring reading and mathematics growth through psychometric innovations applied to longitudinal
data. Cogent Education, 5(1464424), 1-29.
Wilson, M. (2005), Constructing measures: An item response modeling approach. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates.
Wilson, M. R. (2011), Some notes on the term: “W right Map.” Rasch Measurement Transactions, 25(3), 1331.
Wilson, M., & Fisher, W. (2017), Psychological and social measurement: The career and contributions of Benjamin
D. Wright. New York: Springer.
Wise, M. N. (1995), Precision: Agent of unity and product of agreement. Part III–”Today Precision Must Be Commonplace.”
In M. N. Wise (Ed.), The values of precision (pp. 352-361). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Woolley, A. W., & Fuchs, E. (2011), Collective intelligence in the organization of science. Organization Science,
22(5), 1359-1367.
Wright, B. D. (1958), On behalf of a personal approach to learning. The Elementary School Journal, 58, 365-375. (Rpt. in M.
Wilson & W. P. Fisher, Jr., (Eds.). (2017), Psychological and social measurement: The career and contributions of Benjamin D.
Wright (pp. 221-232). New York: Springer Nature).
Wright, B. D. (1968), Sample-free test calibration and person measurement. In Proceedings of the 1967 invitational conference
on testing problems (pp. 85-101). Princeton, New Jersey: Educational Testing Service.
Wright, B. D. (1977), Solving measurement problems with the Rasch model. Journal of Educational Measurement,
14(2), 97-116.
Wright, B. D. (1999), Fundamental measurement for psychology. In S. E. Embretson & S. L. Hershberger (Eds.),
The new rules of measurement: What every educator and psychologist should know (pp. 65-104). Hillsdale, New Jersey:
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Wright, B. D., Mead, R. J., & Ludlow, L. H. (1980), KIDMAP: person-by-item interaction mapping (Tech. Rep. No.
MESA Memorandum #29). Chicago: MESA Press [http://www.rasch.org/memo29.pdf].
Wright, B. D., & Stone, M. H. (1979), Best test design: Rasch measurement. Chicago, Illinois: MESA Press.
Wright, B. D., & Stone, M. H. (1999), Measurement essentials. Wilmington, DE: Wide Range, Inc. [http://www.
rasch.org/measess/me-all.pdf].
Yandell, K. E. (1994), The epistemology of religious experience. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
complexity; information infrastructures; measurement; nondualist philosophy